MLH1 promoter methylation analysis is useful to distinguish sporadic from inherited colorectal and endometrial cancers in tumors that are MLH1-deficient by IHC staining and/or have high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H). The majority of MSI in sporadic cases of these tumors is caused by MLH1 promoter hypermethylation, while hypermethylation is rare in inherited cases. MLH1 promoter methylation analysis results should be considered with other clinical risk factors in determination of likelihood of HNPCC/Lynch Syndrome.